Science of the Total Environment 605: 139-146. Oral mycoses in avian scavengers exposed to antibiotics from livestock farming. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 43: 585-590. nov., a new species from the footpad abscess of a black vulture, Coragyps atratus. Panangala, V.S., Stringfellow, J.S., Dybvig, K., Woodward, A., Sun F., Rose, D.L. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249: 57-71. Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11: 306-313. The digestive tract of the whiteback griffon vulture and it’s role in disease transmission among wild ungulates. Upsala journal of medical sciences 119: 113-116. Journal of wildlife diseases 53: 577-581. A systematic review of Carrion Eaters’ adaptations to avoid sickness. VIEWīlumstein, D.T., Rangchi, T.N., Briggs, T., De Andrade, F.S. Supplementary feeding as a source of multiresistant Salmonella in endangered Egyptian vultures. The information we provided could be very useful to promote the ecosystem service benefits of these species and be used as an important tool for their conservation. On the contrary, they may act as cleaners of the environment limiting the spread of pathogenic microorganisms, although more research is needed on this. Our article shows that there is no clear scientific evidence that vultures and condors play a role in the spread of microorganisms and antibiotic resistance to other wildlife, livestock and humans. In this sense, pathogen microorganisms could be an overlooked threat affecting them, especially when acting synergistically with the other threats. They are facing multiple serious threats including lead contamination, persecution, the trade of body parts, but especially intentional poisoning (Ogada et al. Vultures and condors are one of the most threatened avian groups in the world. Future research is needed to address if this avian group may mitigate infectious diseases in order to define with scientific evidence the ecosystem services they provide when they remove carcasses from the environment. In addition, these birds could eliminate pathogens when they pass through their gastrointestinal tract by means of the low stomach pH and intestinal microbiome (Houston & Cooper 1975, Roggenbuck et al. This is because carcasses are breeding grounds for potentially pathogenic microorganisms, thus, through their ingestion obligate scavengers eliminate this source of microorganisms from the environment. On the contrary, vultures and condors may help to prevent the spread of infectious diseases when they consume and remove decomposing carcasses from the environment. However, this merits future research applying different techniques. 2017).Ĭompared with facultative scavenging bird species such as gulls (Bonnedahl & Järhult 2014) there was no clear evidence that obligate scavengers play an epidemiological role spreading pathogens or antibiotic resistance to humans and other species. For example, oral ulcers, enteritis or abscesses associated with different microorganisms have been reported affecting these species in different parts of the world (Panangala et al. Some microorganisms produce health alterations of variable degree affecting obligate scavengers’ fitness and even producing the death of some individuals. In this sense, supplementary feeding stations and rubbish dumps are important sources of microorganisms for these individuals (Blanco 2018, Plaza et al. Predictable anthropogenic food subsidies could be an important source of pathogen microorganisms for obligate scavengers. Moreover, some bacteria present in these species showed multi antibiotic resistance. Some of them are zoonotic, with the potential to cause severe disease in humans.
We found that bacteria, virus and mycotic microorganisms colonize these birds. We examined results from 76 published studies about microorganism present in obligate scavenger birds around the world. In addition, whether obligate scavenger birds may spread pathogens to humans and other animal species, or if they may act as disease regulators, has been poorly studied.
However, until now, there was not any comprehensive review addressing if obligate scavenger birds are resistant to microorganisms or if those microorganisms can cause disease in them. This resistance is probably associated with different physiologic characteristics of these species (Roggenbuck et al.
It has been suggested that obligate scavenger birds (vultures and condors) are resistant to microorganisms present in the environment, especially those present in their diet. Implications of bacterial, viral and mycotic microorganisms in vultures for wildlife conservation ecosystem services and public health.
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